COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease)

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a progressive inflammatory lung disease characterized by increasing breathlessness, frequent coughing, wheezing, and tightness in the chest. It primarily includes two main conditions: emphysema, where the alveoli (air sacs) at the ends of the smallest air passages (bronchioles) of the lungs are damaged, and chronic bronchitis, which involves long-term inflammation of the bronchial tubes with increased production of mucus. First recognized in detail in the mid-20th century, COPD has since become a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide.

The pathogenesis of COPD is primarily attributed to long-term exposure to irritating gases or particulate matter, most often from cigarette smoke. Individuals with COPD are more likely to experience chronic inflammation in the lungs, leading to narrowing of the airways and destruction of lung tissue necessary for oxygen exchange. Other factors, such as air pollution, occupational dusts and chemicals, and genetic predisposition, also contribute to the development and progression of the disease.

Symptoms of COPD often develop slowly and can vary in severity. Early stages of the disease may be marked by mild symptoms or none at all, making early diagnosis difficult. As the disease progresses, symptoms become more severe and include chronic cough, sputum production, frequent respiratory infections, and significant limitations in physical activity.

The diagnosis of COPD is confirmed through spirometry, a lung function test that measures the volume and speed of air an individual can inhale and exhale, and can detect COPD even in its early stages. Imaging tests, such as chest X-rays and CT scans, and arterial blood gas analysis can also be used to determine the severity of the disease and to rule out other lung conditions.